Giới thiệu

Năng lượng hóa thạch đề cập đến dầu mỏ, khí đốt tự nhiên và than đá. Do đặc điểm tài nguyên của Trung Quốc là giàu than và nghèo dầu khí, năng lượng hóa thạch của Trung Quốc thiên về than. Việc sử dụng than tràn lan sẽ gây ra nhiều tác động đến môi trường, nhất là trong quá trình đốt cháy sẽ thải ra nhiều chất gây ô nhiễm khí quyển, bao gồm các hạt vật chất, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitơ oxit, gây ô nhiễm môi trường.

Trong số đó, các oxit nitơ (NOx) là chất gây ô nhiễm chính trong khí quyển có thể gây ra mưa axit, sương mù quang hóa, khói mù đô thị, suy giảm tầng ôzôn và nhiều vấn đề môi trường khác. Nó có thể dễ dàng kết hợp với huyết sắc tố trong cơ thể con người, ngăn chặn quá trình vận chuyển oxy trong máu, dẫn đến tê liệt hệ thần kinh trung ương và gây nguy hiểm cho chức năng tim mạch và phổi của con người.

Các công nghệ kiểm soát NOx được sử dụng rộng rãi trong sản xuất công nghiệp bao gồm công nghệ đốt cháy ít nitơ, công nghệ khử chọn lọc không xúc tác (SNCR) và công nghệ khử xúc tác chọn lọc (SCR).

2. Giới thiệu công nghệ CO-SCR

CO-SCR technology reduces NOx to N2 by using carbon monoxide (CO) as a reducing agent. CO is a reducing gas that is widely present in sintering and coking flue gas and vehicle exhaust. It is also a colorless and odorless toxic gas, which can cause poisoning when the CO concentration in the air exceeds 0.1%. Using CO instead of NH3 for selective catalytic reduction of NOx can not only reduce pollution control costs but also eliminate NO and CO in the flue gas, achieving waste treatment through waste.

2.1 CO-SCR technology principle

The reaction process of CO reducing NO can be divided into four steps: adsorption of reactant molecules (CO and NO first undergo gas-phase diffusion and contact with the catalyst surface, and are adsorbed by the unsaturated metal active sites on the catalyst surface, forming NO(a) and CO(a) species, while CO and NO gradually diffuse into the pore structure of the catalyst as the reaction continues); dissociation of adsorbed molecules (when the reaction reaches a certain temperature, active NO(a) is decomposed into N(a) and O(a) species); recombination of surface active substances and desorption of product molecules (CO(a) is oxidized by the active O(a) species to generate CO2, while the active N(a) species combines to generate N2, and the final products CO2 and N2 generated by the reaction are discharged from the flue). Meanwhile, the combination of other active species can produce by-products such as N2O and O2, and the specific steps are as follows:

Adsorption of reactant molecules:

CO(g) → CO(a)

NO(g) → NO(a)

Dissociation of adsorbed molecules:

NO(a) → N(a) + O(a)

Recombination of surface active substances and desorption of product molecules:

CO(a) + O(a) → CO(g)

N(a) + N(a) → N2(g)

N(a) + NO(a) → N₁O(a)

N:O(a) → NO(g)

N.O(a) → N₂(g) + O(a)

2.2 CO-SCR catalyst

The catalyst is the key material in the entire catalytic reaction system. Currently, in the CO-SCR denitration technology that uses CO as a reducing agent to remove NOx, commonly used catalysts include noble metal catalysts, single transition metal catalysts, and composite transition metal catalysts. Noble metal catalysts generally refer to platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, silver, etc. Noble metals are often present in a nanometer state as catalysts, or they can be supported on carriers or exist on molecular sieves by ion exchange. The oxides of non-noble metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, chromium, and manganese have good activity for removing nitrogen oxides. Single metal catalysts often have the disadvantages of a narrow reaction temperature window, poor reaction activity under oxygen-rich conditions, and poor resistance to SO2 poisoning. Composite metal catalysts doping appropriate additives can improve these problems to some extent. Compared with single transition metal oxide catalysts, bicomponent or multicomponent composite transition metal oxide catalysts often have higher dispersion of active components and better activity and stability of the catalysts.

2.3 CO-SCR technology characteristics

The CO-SCR technology uses the harmful gas CO in flue gas to reduce nitrogen oxides and achieve flue gas denitrification. Its advantages mainly include:

(1) CO, as a reducing gas, has strong reducibility at 100-400℃ and is a good NOx reducing agent;

(2) the reducing agent comes from the flue gas itself, and the denitrification cost is greatly reduced;

(3) it also reduces the emissions of CO and NOx, achieving the goal of "treating waste with waste";

(4) there is no ammonia escape, and no secondary pollution is caused.